Regulation of protein synthesis is a key factor in hematopoietic stem cell maintenance and differentiation. Rio-kinase 2 (RIOK2) is a ribosome biogenesis factor that has recently been described an important regulator of human blood cell development. Additionally, we have previously identified RIOK2 as a regulator of protein synthesis and a potential target for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, its functional relevance in several organ systems, including normal hematopoiesis, is not well understood. Here, we investigate the consequences of RIOK2 loss on normal hematopoiesis using two different conditional knockout mouse models. Using competitive and non-competitive bone marrow transplantations, we demonstrate that RIOK2 is essential for the differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) as well as for the maintenance of fully differentiated blood cells in vivo as well as in vitro. Loss of RIOK2 leads to rapid death in full-body knockout mice as well as mice with RIOK2 loss specific to the hematopoietic system. Taken together, our results indicate that regulation of protein synthesis and ribosome biogenesis by RIOK2 is essential for the function of the hematopoietic system.
The precise regulation of protein synthesis is essential for the homeostasis of hematopoietic stem cells [[
RIO kinase 2 (RIOK2) is an atypical kinase that has previously been reported to be involved in the export, assembly and maturation of 40S ribosomal proteins and therefore the regulation of mRNA translation to protein [[
To assess the suitability of RIOK2 as a potential target for hematological malignancies, it is critical to understand the functional consequences of RIOK2 loss on normal hematopoiesis. Here, we report on the consequences of RIOK2 loss on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells as well as mature blood cells using two different conditional Riok2 knockout mouse strains.
Riok2
B6-SJL mice were lethally irradiated (900 rad) followed by a transplantation of 50,000 Riok2
Graph
Table 1 FACS antibodies used in this study.
Antigen Fluorophore Manufacturer Clone c-KIT PE-Cy7 Invitrogen 2B8 CD45.1 APC-Cy7 BD Pharmigen A20 CD45.2 AF700 BD Pharmigen 104 Sca-1 APC Invitrogen D7 CD3e PE-Cy5 eBioscience 145-2C11 CD150 BV650 BioLegend TC15-12F12.2 CD48 FITC Invitrogen HM4B-1 CD16 PE eBioscience 93 CD32 PE eBioscience 93 Ter119 PE eBioscience TER-119 CD71 APC Invitrogen R17217 CD11b (Mac-1) BV786 BD Biosciences M1/70 Gr-1 BV605 BioLegend RB6-8C5 CD19 BV650 BD Horizon 1D3 CD4 PE-Cy5 Invitrogen GK1.5 CD8 PE-Cy5 Invitrogen 53–6.7 CD45.1 PE BioLegend A20 CD45.2 BV421 BioLegend 104 Sca-1 SB436 Invitrogen D7 CD48 BV510 BioLegend HM48-1 CD45.2 FITC BioLegend 104 CD135 PE-CF594 BD Biosciences A2F10.1 CD150 PE-Cy7 BioLegend TC15-12F12.2 CD34 eFluor 660 Invitrogen RAM34 CD16/32 APC-R700 BD Biosciences 2.4G2 c-KIT APC-eFluor 780 Invitrogen 2B8
1 The lineage cocktail consisted of CD3e, Gr-1, CD11b, B220 and Ter119 (all PE-Cy5, BioLegend). In white are the antibodies used for the competitive transplant, and in blue the antibodies used for the non-competitive transplant.
B6-SJL mice were lethally irradiated (950 rad) and transplanted with 440,000 Riok2
6 to 12 weeks old Riok2
LSK cells were sorted from Riok2
LSK cells cultured in X-VIVO medium isolated from Riok2
Single-cell suspension of mouse bone marrow was enriched for c-KIT using CD117 microbeads (Miltenyi Biotech). Cells were stained with the indicated antibodies on ice for 30 minutes and subsequently sorted for the desired population on a BD FACSAria III sorter (BD Biosciences). Cells were plated into methylcellulose-based medium (M3534, StemCell Technologies) according to manufacturer's protocol at a density of 1,000 to 10,000 cells per ml. Colonies were counted manually on an inverted microscope with STEMgrid-6 and serial replating was performed in triplicates every week.
For the competitive transplantation experiments, femur, tibia and fibula were collected from both hind legs of the sacrificed mice. The bones were cleaned from flesh and crushed in a mortar under sterile conditions. The mortar was washed twice with 3 ml 3% FBS in PBS to collect all cells that were then filtered through a sterile 70 μm filter. After spinning, the cells were resuspended in 100 μl 3% FBS in PBS and 10 μl CD117 (c-KIT) beads (Mitenyi, Cat.-Nr: 130-091-224) and incubated for 15 minutes at 4°C. After washing, the cells were separated using the MACS separator system (Miltenyi Biotech) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Subsequently, the cells were counted and resuspended in the appropriate mix of antibodies for sorting or analysis.
For the non-competitive transplantation experiments, both hindlegs, hips and spine were harvested, cleaned, and crushed using a mortar and pestle. The mortar was washed in a total of 50 ml 3% FBS in PBS to collect all cells that were then filtered through a sterile 70 μm filter. After spinning, the samples were lysed using RBC lysis buffer (Biolegend. Cat no: 420302) for 3 min, followed by two washes in 3% FBS in PBS. Next, the cells were resuspended in 500 μl 3% FBS in PBS and 10 μl CD117 (c-KIT) beads (Mitenyi, Cat.-Nr: 130-091-224) and incubated for 20 minutes at 4°C. After washing, the cells were separated using the MACS separator system (Miltenyi Biotech) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Cells were counted and resuspended in a total volume of 100 μl for staining, followed by incubation with FACS antibodies for 90 minutes on ice. Samples were acquired on the CytoFLEX LX (Beckman Coulter), and data were analysed using FlowJo. Absolute cell numbers were calculated based on the frequency of donor cells (CD45.2 positive) in each indicated population among single cells. The obtained frequency of single cells was then multiplied by the total number of isolated cells after processing the bone marrow to obtain the cell numbers displayed in Fig 1C.
Graph: A) Schematic overview of the competitive bone marrow transplantation. Lethally irradiated B6/SJL mice were injected with a mix of bone marrow cells from Riok2fl/fl; Rosa26:CreERT2 or Riok2fl/+; Rosa26:CreERT2 mice and cells from wild-type B6-SJL mice in a 1:1 ratio. 4 weeks after transplantation, all animals were injected intraperitoneally with tamoxifen to induce Cre-mediated recombination of the Riok2 locus. Created with Biorender.com. B) CD45.2 chimerism in the indicated peripheral blood cell types 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks after bone marrow transplantation. Data is represented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). n = 4 animals per group. **: p<0.01; ***: p<0.001 by Unpaired t-test. C) Bar graphs depicting the absolute number of CD45.2 positive cells in each indicated population of mice transplanted with Riok2fl/fl; Rosa26:CreERT2 treated with corn oil (control) or tamoxifen. Data is represented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). n = 4 animals per group. **: p<0.01; ****: p<0.0001 by 2way ANOVA test followed by Tukey's multiple comparison test. D) Kaplan-Meier survival curves of the indicated transgenic mouse strains after deletion of Riok2 using tamoxifen (left panel) or polyIC (right panel). n = 4 animals per group. E) Bone marrow histology revealed by HE-staining of bone marrow from Riok2+/+, Riok2fl/+, or Riok2fl/fl; Rosa26:CreERT2 mice collected 20 days after tamoxifen treatment or upon death. Scale bar represents 100 μm.
The antibodies used for FACS analysis can be found in Table 1.
Tibia were dissected from the Riok2
Genotyping was performed on DNA extracted from mouse tail tissue using the primer sequences shown in Table 2 using standard PCR protocols. Tail DNA was extracted by heating mouse tail tissue samples in 180 μl of 50 mM NaOH for 10 minutes at 95°C followed by the addition of 20 μl of 1M Tric-HCl (pH 8.0).
Graph
Table 2 Sequences for PCR primers used in this study.
Primer name Sequence (5'-3') Riok_mouse_Common_en2_F_out ACTTCTTACGCCAGGAACCT Riok_mouse_Common_en2_R CCAACTGACCTTGGGCAAGAACAT Common_LoxP_F GAGATGGCGCAACGCAATTAAT Common_LoxP_R_outside TGCTTGAATAAATGGCTCCCTG Common_3'_F CACACCTCCCCCTGAACCTGAAA Flp_KOMP_rev CTTTTGGAAGAGCAGTCAGG
500.000 LSK cells per treatment group were harvested and lysed in by the addition of 100 μl 1X LSB buffer to 300μl of PBS. The lysates were boiled at 95°C for 10 minutes. 50 μl of each sample were loaded on NuPAGE™ 4 to 12%, Bis-Tris, 1.0–1.5 mm, Mini Protein Gels (Thermo Fisher, Cat no: NP0322BOX). SDS-PAGE and blotting were performed according to standard protocols. Antibodies used for the immunoblotting are shown in Table 3.
Graph
Table 3 Western Blot antibodies used in this study.
Epitope Manufacturer Application Dilution Cat.-No. Mouse RIOK2 Genscript (custom order) Western Blot 1:4000 - β-tubulin abcam Western Blot 1:5000 ab15568
To determine the role of RIOK2 in hematopoiesis, we performed a series of competitive and non-competitive bone marrow transplantation experiments. In the first approach, we mixed bone marrow cells from a previously established transgenic mouse line carrying floxed Riok2 alleles [[
To investigate the consequences of RIOK2 loss on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, we performed a non-competitive bone marrow transplant where we used bone marrow collected from Riok2
To assess the consequence of RIOK2 loss in adult mice, we treated Riok2
To further investigate the phenotypic consequences of RIOK2 loss, we investigated the effects of its depletion on differentiation, self-renewal and proliferation of HSPCs in vitro (Fig 2A). For this, we sorted LSK cells isolated from Riok2
Graph: A) Experimental outline to determine the effects of RIOK2 loss on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in vitro. Created with Biorender.com. B) Percentage of Lin- cells and LSK cells 48h after the addition of either ethanol (EtOH) or 4-hydroxytamoxifen (OHT) to the culture medium of Riok2fl/fl; Rosa26:CreERT2 and Riok2fl/+; Rosa26:CreERT2 cells. Data is represented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). n = 3 biological replicates per group. A Student's t-test was performed to assess statistical significance (ns = not significant, *p<0.05, ***p<0.001). C) MethoCult replating assay using LSK cells sorted from bone marrow of the indicated genotypes. Cells were replated once per week. Data is represented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). n = 3 biological replicates per group. D) Left panel: EdU labeling of Riok2fl/fl; Rosa26:CreERT2 and Riok2fl/+; Rosa26:CreERT2 LSK cells. Error bars represent standard deviation (SD), n = 3 biological replicates. Right panel: representative FACS plot of Riok2fl/fl treated with either EtOH or OHT for 5 days.
Lastly, to determine the effects of RIOK2 loss on cell proliferation in more detail, we performed a FACS-based EdU labeling assay on LSK cells. This analysis showed that deletion of Riok2 led to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in Riok2
We have addressed the phenotypic consequences of RIOK2 loss on the hematopoietic system and mouse survival. Collectively, our data suggests that RIOK2 is required for the expansion, homeostasis and differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells as well as for the homeostasis of lymphoid and myeloid cells in the peripheral blood. These results are in agreement with recent data showing a key role for RIOK2 in the transcriptional regulation of blood cell development [[
In summary, we have demonstrated that RIOK2 is required for homeostatic maintenance of the hematopoietic system as well as hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Further studies are required to investigate if there is a therapeutic window allowing for the safe and efficient targeting of RIOK2 in cancer.
S1 Fig
A) Schematic overview of the Riok2fl/fl locus. Exons 4 and 5 are flanked by LoxP site that are excised after the induction of Cre recombinase. B) Representative FACS plots showing the engraftment of Riok2fl/fl and Riok2fl/+ B-cells 4 weeks after transplantation using CD45.1/CD45.2 staining. C) Agarose gel showing the genotyping of the transplanted bone marrow of ROSA26::CreERT2, Riok2fl/+ and Riok2fl/fl mice used in the competitive bone marrow transplantation assay after termination of the experiment. Arrows indicate wild-type and floxed as well as recombined and non-recombined alleles. The lanes between the bottom and top gels are matched and represent the same mice. D) Bar graph depicting the percentage of CD45.1 or CD45.2 positive cells in lethally irradiated mice transplanted with Riok2fl/fl; Rosa26::CreERT2. Data is represented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) (n = 8). ****: p<0.0001 by Unpaired t-test. E) Gating strategy for HSPC population identification and representative result for mice injected with corn oil. F) Gating strategy for HSPC population identification and representative result for mice injected with tamoxifen and experiencing symptoms of bone marrow failure.(TIF)
S2 Fig
A) Immunoblot showing RIOK2 protein levels in LSK cells cultured in X-VIVO medium from the indicated genotypes 48 hours after the addition of either EtOH or OHT to the culture medium. B) Representative FACS plots for X-VIVO cultured LSK cells 48 hours after the addition of EtOH or OHT to the culture medium.(TIF)
S1 Raw images
(PDF)
S1 File
(XLSX)
Han Jimin Academic Editor
8 Jan 2024
PONE-D-23-40786RIO-kinase 2 is essential for hematopoiesisPLOS ONE
Dear Dr. Helin,
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Dear Dr. Kristian Helin
This research paper, titled " RIO-kinase 2 is essential for hematopoiesis" explores the role of RIO-kinase 2 (RIOK2) in hematopoiesis, the process of blood cell formation. The study uses conditional knockout mouse models to demonstrate that RIOK2 is crucial for the differentiation and maintenance of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, as well as for the survival of fully differentiated blood cells. The absence of RIOK2 leads to rapid death in mice, indicating its vital role in the hematopoietic system. This research provides insights into the potential targeting of RIOK2 for treating blood cell-related disorders. The whole story is quite in-depth and it's very interesting. I'm including feedback from two expert reviewers regarding your manuscript. Their insights highlight the study's potential while also presenting various critiques and recommendations. After read reviewer's feedback, I believe this article requires careful revision. So, I decide give you major revision decision.
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Review Comments to the Author
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Reviewer 1:
The study explores the role of RIOK2 in blood cell formation, both in vivo and in vitro, with the manuscript conveying an evident phenotype associated with the knockout of RIOK2.
Major Point:
The figures included in the main text are of such low quality that it is difficult to discern the text within the images. Enhancement of image clarity is necessary.
Minor Points:
Reviewer 2:
RIOK2 is important for hematopoietic stem cell(HPSC)maintance and differentiation. This manuscript investigates the effects of RIOK2 on HPSC function and HPSC transplantation using a conditional knockout mouse model in the hematopoietic system. The research findings have significant implications for understanding HPSC function and transplantation. However, revisions need to be made to the manuscript before it can be accepted.
In Figure 1, we propose that both Riok2fl/fl; Rosa26::CreERT2 and Riok2fl/+; Rosa26::CreERT2 have the effect of downregulating RIOK2 gene expression. Why was Riok2+/+; Rosa26::CreERT2 mice not used as a control?
In Supplementary Figure 1, should there be additional images demonstrating the efficiency of RIOK2 gene knockdown in Riok2fl/fl; Rosa26::CreERT2 and Riok2fl/+; Rosa26::CreERT2 mice, rather than solely relying on DNA-level identification?
In Figure 2, the experimental data regarding the impact of Riok2 knockout on HSC proliferation and differentiation is insufficient to support the authors' conclusions. Are there additional evidence available to substantiate these claims?
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Reviewer #2: Yes
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Reviewer #1:
RIOK2 is important for hematopoietic stem cell(HPSC)maintance and differentiation. This manuscript investigates the effects of RIOK2 on HPSC function and HPSC transplantation using a conditional knockout mouse model in the hematopoietic system. The research findings have significant implications for understanding HPSC function and transplantation. However, revisions need to be made to the manuscript before it can be accepted.
In Figure 1, we propose that both Riok2fl/fl; Rosa26::CreERT2 and Riok2fl/+; Rosa26::CreERT2 have the effect of downregulating RIOK2 gene expression. Why was Riok2+/+; Rosa26::CreERT2 mice not used as a control?
In Supplementary Figure 1, should there be additional images demonstrating the efficiency of RIOK2 gene knockdown in Riok2fl/fl; Rosa26::CreERT2 and Riok2fl/+; Rosa26::CreERT2 mice, rather than solely relying on DNA-level identification?
In Figure 2, the experimental data regarding the impact of Riok2 knockout on HSC proliferation and differentiation is insufficient to support the authors' conclusions. Are there additional evidence available to substantiate these claims?
Reviewer #2: The study explores the role of RIOK2 in blood cell formation, both in vivo and in vitro, with the manuscript conveying an evident phenotype associated with the knockout of RIOK2.
Major Point:
The figures included in the main text are of such low quality that it is difficult to discern the text within the images. Enhancement of image clarity is necessary.
Minor Points:
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19 Feb 2024
Journal requirements
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As requested, we have added additional information to the Methods section.
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[K.H. is a consultant for Dania Therapeutics Aps and a scientific advisor for Hannibal Health Innovation. The other authors declare no competing interests.].
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Please include your updated Competing Interests statement in your cover letter; we will change the online submission form on your behalf.
We have added additional information to the Competing Interests section.
The competing Interests statement now reads:
K.H. is a consultant for Dania Therapeutics Aps and a scientific advisor for Hannibal Health Innovation. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. The other authors declare no competing interests.
4. PLOS ONE now requires that authors provide the original uncropped and unadjusted images underlying all blot or gel results reported in a submission's figures or Supporting Information files. This policy and the journal's other requirements for blot/gel reporting and figure preparation are described in detail at https://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/figures#loc-blot-and-gel-reporting-requirements and https://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/figures#loc-preparing-figures-from-image-files. When you submit your revised manuscript, please ensure that your figures adhere fully to these guidelines and provide the original underlying images for all blot or gel data reported in your submission. See the following link for instructions on providing the original image data: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/figures#loc-original-images-for-blots-and-gels.
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We have included Supporting Information that include the original underlying images for DNA agarose gels and Western blot.
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Response to Reviewers
Reviewer #1:
In Figure 1, we propose that both Riok2fl/fl; Rosa26::CreERT2 and Riok2fl/+; Rosa26::CreERT2 have the effect of downregulating RIOK2 gene expression. Why was Riok2+/+; Rosa26::CreERT2 mice not used as a control?
Heterozygous deletion of Riok2 does not influence mature hematopoietic cells in our competitive transplants. Figure 1B shows that the CD45.1:CD45.2 ratio is stable across all timepoints and for all cell types in the Riok2fl/+ competitive experiments. Additionally, as shown in Figure 1 D and E, we do not observe differences in mouse survival and bone marrow composition upon loss of one allele of Riok2 compared to wild-type mice. Therefore, we used Riok2fl/+ as a control for the effect of deleting both alleles of Riok2.
In Supplementary Figure 1, should there be additional images demonstrating the efficiency of RIOK2 gene knockdown in Riok2fl/fl; Rosa26::CreERT2 and Riok2fl/+; Rosa26::CreERT2 mice, rather than solely relying on DNA-level identification?
We agree with the reviewer that it would be nice to show. However, unfortunately, it is not possible to obtain enough cells to perform immunoblotting of RIOK2 on material from the competitive transplant, because the RIOK2 knockout cells were rapidly outcompeted by the non-recombined wild-type cells. Importantly, we have shown in supplemental Figure 2A that tamoxifen treatment leads to a rapid and efficient depletion of RIOK2 protein on hematopoietic stem- and progenitor cells, supporting the efficiency of the deletion of both alleles of Riok2.
In Figure 2, the experimental data regarding the impact of Riok2 knockout on HSC proliferation and differentiation is insufficient to support the authors' conclusions. Are there additional evidence available to substantiate these claims?
We agree with the author that the claims were insufficient and have removed the model that concluded independent mechanisms and a differentiation block for hematopoietic stem- and progenitor cells and mature cells.
Reviewer #2:
The figures included in the main text are of such low quality that it is difficult to discern the text within the images. Enhancement of image clarity is necessary.
We are sorry for this. The link provided in the downloaded pdf of the manuscript should have provided a high-resolution TIFF file of each of the figures. We have ensured that the figures in the revised version agree with the requirement of the journal.
Minor Points:
The control bands are a negative (wild-type) control, which is the non-recombined locus as well as a positive (Riok2fl/fl) control. We have added additional description to the supplemental Figure 1C and its figure legend to enhance clarity.
2. Is it critical to establish the baseline levels of CD45.1 and CD45.2 in mice before the transplantation process? Additionally, would it enhance clarity to more distinctly show the reduction of CD45+ cells following radiation?
We have used appropriate controls to correctly set up the FACS gates for determination of CD45.1 and CD45.2 levels. In competitive transplantation it is not common practise to establish baseline levels. The assay is to establish the competition and not the total levels of each population.
3. Some of the statistical charts, like those in Figure 1B, 1C, and FigS1D, would benefit from an analysis of significance to support the findings.
We have performed additional statistical analyses for the figures requested by the reviewer and added appropriate descriptions to the figures and figure legends.
Attachment
Submitted filename: Response to Reviewers.docx
Han Jimin Academic Editor
4 Mar 2024
RIO-kinase 2 is essential for hematopoiesis
PONE-D-23-40786R1
Dear Dr. Helin,
This time the authors have corrected it in such detail that I think PLOS ONE is ready to accept the paper.I asked the Reviewer to review it, and none of them had any opinion.I firmly believe that this article will contribute to the advancement of this field.
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Kind regards,
Jimin Han
Academic Editor
PLOS ONE
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Reviewer #3: All comments have been addressed
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Han Jimin Academic Editor
23 Mar 2024
PONE-D-23-40786R1
PLOS ONE
Dear Dr. Helin,
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Dr. Jimin Han
Academic Editor
PLOS ONE
We thank members of the Helin Lab for discussions and Mafalda Araujo Pereira for suggestions for the FACS analysis. Figs 1A and 2A were created with Biorender.com.
By Jan-Erik Messling; Isabel Peña-Rømer; Ann Sophie Moroni; Sarah Bruestl and Kristian Helin
Reported by Author; Author; Author; Author; Author