Seasonal Variations in the Essential Oil Composition and Biological Activities of Wild Lavandula dentata L.

Introduction: Lavandula dentata L. (LD) is a well-known aromatic and medicinal plant celebrated for its abundant essential oil (EO) with applications in aromatherapy, perfumery, and traditional medicine. The chemical composition and biological properties of LD EO can vary based on factors like harvesting period, and cultivation location. Methods: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was employed to analyze the chemical composition of LD. EO harvested in different periods (December, April, and July). Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities were assessed, and in silico analysis included absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity prediction and molecular docking. Results: The December EO exhibited high levels of eucalyptol, while April EO contained notable amounts of β-pinene, pinocarveol, and β-eudesmol. July EO was characterized by β-pinene and myrtenol. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant assessments indicated higher activity in December and April, attributed to eucalyptol, L- trans-pinocarveol, and β-eudesmol. Conclusion: The study highlights significant variations in LD EO's chemical composition based on harvesting period, influencing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In silico analysis supports experimental findings, emphasizing the potential therapeutic impact of specific compounds. This integration enhances our understanding of LD EO and its diverse applications.