Grinding and Fractionation during Distillation Alter Hemp Essential Oil Profile and Its Antimicrobial Activity

The hypothesis of this study was that we can modify the essential oil (EO) profile of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) and obtain fractions with differential composition and antimicrobial activity. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the effects of grinding of hemp biomass before EO extraction and fractionation during distillation on EO profile and antimicrobial activity. The study generated a several EO fractions with a diversity of chemical profile and antimicrobial activity. The highest concentrations of &beta

pinene and myrcene in the EO can be obtained in the 5&ndash

10 min distillation time (DT) of ground material or in the 80&ndash

120 min DT of nonground material. High &delta

3-carene and limonene EO can be obtained from 0&ndash

5 min DT fraction of nonground material. High eucalyptol EO can be sampled either in the 0&ndash

5 min DT of the ground material or in the 80&ndash

120 min of nonground material. Overall, the highest concentrations of &beta

caryophyllene, &alpha

(E)-bergamotene, (Z)-&beta

farnesene, &alpha

humulene, caryophyllenyl alcohol, germacrene D-4-ol, spathulenol, caryophyllene oxide, humulene epoxide 2, &beta

bisabolol, &alpha

bisabolol, sesquiterpenes, and cannabidiol (CBD) can be obtained when EO is sampled in the 80&ndash

120 min DT and the material is nonground. Monoterpenes in the hemp EO can be increased twofold to 85% by grinding the material prior to distillation and collecting the EO in the first 10 min. However, grinding resulted in a slight but significant decrease in the CBD concentration of the EO. CBD-rich oil can be produced by collecting at 120&ndash

180 min DT. Different EO fractions had differential antimicrobial activity. The highest antimicrobial activity of EO fraction was found against Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus. THC-free EO can be obtained if the EO distillation is limited to 120 min. The results can be utilized by the hemp processing industry and by companies developing new hemp EO-infused products, including perfumery, cosmetics, dietary supplements, food, and pharmaceutical industries.