Variation in the composition of leaf essential oils of Zanthoxylum armatum in relation to altitude and soil chemistry was analyzed in Nepal. The essential oil was extracted by Clevenger apparatus and the components were analyzed through GC-MS. The results showed that: Yield of the essential oil obtained from the hydro-distillation of dried leaves ranged from 0.16% to 0.50%. GC-MS analysis revealed total of 17 compounds in the essential oil from the dried leaves of Z. armatum from different altitudes and populations (wild and cultivated). The three major components, linalool, limonene and undecan-2-one, present in higher proportion in all the samples were analyzed. Other components tridecan-2-one, myrcene, cinnamate(E)-methyl and alpha-bergamotene were also identified in most of the samples but in lower proportions. The highest number of components (
Keywords: Zanthoxylum armatum; essential oil; altitude; edaphic factor; linalool; limonene
Among the eight species of Zanthoxylum (family Rutaceae) reported from Nepal so far, Zanthoxylum armatum, commonly called as Timur is one of the important medicinal and aromatic plants. It is a small aromatic tree or large shrub up to 6 m high and found in the hot valleys of Himalayas (Kashmir to Bhutan), north-east India, Nepal, Pakistan, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, China, Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Japan.[[
Although all the parts of the plants possess essential oil, the fruits (pericarp) essential oil, commonly known as Zanthoxylum oil is highly valued for commercial purpose. Several studies have been carried out on the essential oil composition of the fruits, seeds, and leaves of Zanthoxylum armatum, which reveal that the main constituents of the oil are linalool and limonene.[[
The accumulation of active substances in plants may be affected by several factors like the age of the plant, season, solar radiation, altitude, nutritional status, climatic and edaphic factors.[[
Literature shows that numerous works have been conducted on the composition of essential oil in Z. armatum, most of them on the fruit and very few on the leaf.[[
The required samples were collected from Salyan district of Nepal during May 2018. The location was chosen for this study as Timur, is the main non-timber forest product (NTFP) of this district accounting to approximately 70% of the total value of the NTFPs collected.[[
Sampling was done during May 2018 and systematic random sampling method was applied to collect the leaves. Healthy and vigorous plants were selected from different populations (wild and cultivated) and altitudes ranging from 1000 m to 2030 m and fresh leaves of Zanthoxylum armatum were collected. The leaves were shade dried for a week before extraction of the oil. Herbarium of voucher specimens were prepared, and deposited at National Herbarium and Plant Laboratories (KATH) NPZA 20-NPZA 50. The details of the locality are presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Locality details.
S. No. Locality Altitude (m) Latitude/Longitude Aspect Habitat Land use/Forest Type 1 Aringalphedi 1000 N28°16ʹ07.3" E 082°18ʹ30.3" NE Cultivated (C) Fallow land near forest 2 Aringalphedi 1060 N28°16ʹ06.3" E 082°18ʹ30.3" NW Wild (W) Forest near village settlement 3 Aagarkhola 1390 N28°14ʹ33.78" E 82°21ʹ08.35" NE Cultivated (C) Agricultural land near forest 4 Aagarkhola 1400 N 28°14ʹ35.63" E082°21ʹ09.61" NW Wild (W) Mixed Forest near village 5 Rim, Saunepani 1650 N 28°26ʹ763" E 082°35ʹ830" NE Cultivated (C) On the edges of roadside 6 Kupinde 1680 N 28°41ʹ319" E 082°09ʹ350" NE Wild (W) Disturbed forest due to road construction 7 Kimichaur 1730 N 28°26ʹ524" E 082°37ʹ741" NW Cultivated (C) Near roadside on edges of farmyard 8 Rim, Rayale 1770 N 28°26ʹ525" E 082°37ʹ740" SW Wild (W) Mixed 9 Kopchikhola, Chhatreswori 1990 N 28°40ʹ098" E 082°35ʹ497" NW Wild (W) Moist shady mixed forest 10 Kopchikhola, Chhatreswori 2030 N 28°40ʹ227" E 082°35ʹ688" NE Cultivated (C) Cultivated on edge of farmyard
While collecting the leaf samples, soil samples from different habitats and altitudes were also collected from a depth of 15–30 cm. Collected samples were brought to the laboratory, air dried and passed through a 2-mm sieve. Soil organic carbon, total N and pH of the soil were determined according to the Walkley and Black, Kjeldahl and potentiometry methods, respectively. Soil analysis was carried out at the laboratory of the Forest Research and Training Centre, Babarmahal, Kathmandu.
Total of 10 samples have been used for this study. The collected leaves were shade dried at room temperature. For the extraction of the oil, 100 g of the dried leaves were subjected to hydro-distillation for 6 h using modified Clevenger-type apparatus. The protocol was followed according to the British Pharmacopoeia.[[
Quantitative analysis of the chemical constituents in the essential oils was carried out using a Shimadzu gas chromatograph (GC 2010) with Rtx-5MS column (25 m×0.25 mm× 0.25 µm). The initial column was maintained at 40°C and the injection temperature was 250°C. Qualitative analysis of the essential oil was further continued in a Shimadzu GCMSQP 2010 Plus. The ion source temperature and the interface temperature were kept at 200°C and 250°C, respectively. One µL of the essential oil diluted with spectroscopic grade hexane (10:1) was injected into the GC inlet maintaining column flow rate of 1mL/min and purge flow 3 mL/min after fixing the split ratio at 120, using Helium as a carrier gas. Detector scanning start time was 4 min and end time was 68 min, mass spectra were scanned from m/z 40–350, with the scanning speed of 666. The oil components were identified by the determination of their retention indices (RI), relative to C8–C32 n-alkane series under identical experimental condition, by comparison with authentic reference compounds as well as with published mass spectra[[
In order to compare the significantly different means to test the significant effects of altitude and edaphic factors in the percentage yield and chemical composition of leaf essential oil of Z. armatum, one-way ANOVA method was employed using R software package version 3.6.1.[[
In the present study, the yield of essential oil from leaves ranged from 0.16% to 0.5% at different altitudes (Table 2). The lowest yield was 0.16% at 1400 m altitude in wild population, while the highest was 0.5% at 1680 m altitude in wild population. The values are almost similar for all altitudes and populations. But in the samples of India, the variation in the essential oil yield of Z. armatum leaves ranged from 0.088% to 0.176%.[[
Table 2. GC-MS analysis of leaf essential oil of Z. armatum from different elevation & populations.
Area % S.No Name of the compound RI a RI b 1000 (C) 1060 (W) 1390 (C) 1400 (W) 1650 (C) 1680 (W) 1730 (C) 1770 (W) 1990 (W) 2030 (C) Average (%) 1 Alpha-Pinene 939[ 948 0.42 - - - - - - - - 0.42 2 Myrcene 991[ 991 2.08 2.35 7.19 4.24 3.31 4.25 2.88 3.67 4.12 2.16 3.62 3 Limonene 1031[ 1030 11.94 12.57 35.55 21.91 17.51 22.40 18.11 19.55 24.78 13.92 19.82 4 Linalool 1098[ 1101 62.77 64.48 16.01 43.26 48.00 27.68 21.87 50.06 20.14 33.07 38.73 5 2,3-Octanedione 1082[ 1115 - - - - - - - 0.59 - 0.59 6 1218[ 1185 0.34 - - - 1.12 - 0.48 - 0.64 7 Alpha-Terpineol 1189[ 1195 0.42 - 0.55 - 1.42 - 0.47 - - 0.71 8 Dodecane 1199[ 1200 - 0.63 - - - - 1.03 0.83 9 2-Undecanol 1287[ 1277 - - 0.47 - 0.94 - - 1.51 - 0.97 10 Undecan-2-one 1287[ 1294 11.74 9.55 24.88 16.58 16.98 31.03 34.63 15.67 33.72 32.73 22.75 11 Tridecane 1299[ 1300 - 1.36 0.20 - - 1.22 - 0.70 - 0.87 12 1379[ 1384 4.44 1.46 2.03 3.23 4.83 1.29 1.51 3.07 0.67 - 2.5 13 1434[ 1430 1.26 1.42 2.07 1.36 1.91 2.40 3.56 1.73 2.62 6.10 2.44 14 Tridecan-2-one 1496[ 1495 2.03 1.79 7.47 5.62 4.30 5.36 13.03 3.51 8.06 8.91 6 15 Trans Nerolidol 1564[ 1564 - - 0.52 - - - 0.57 - - 0.54 16 Phytol 2105[ 2106 - - - 2.12 1.00 - - 1.28 - 1.46 17 Isophytol, acetate 2282[ 2286 0.77 - - - - - - - - 0.77 11 7 9 11 8 10 9 9 12 7 9.3 98.21 93.62 97.19 97.94 98.66 97.77 97.93 98.3 98.67 97.92 97.62
1 Compounds are listed in the order of elution on a DB5 column.
- 2 RI
a Retention index from different literatures. - 3 RI
b calculated by GC using n-alkane series under the same conditions. - 4 Oil yield % are given in bold.
The chemical composition of leaf essential oil of Zanthoxylum armatum from different populations and altitudes varied significantly. Altogether 17 components were identified by GC-MS analysis in the oil from various altitudes and localities. All the compounds (excluding the trace components) are presented in Table 2. The major components are linalool, limonene, and undecan-2-one (Figure 2), which were present in the highest percentage in all the samples. Besides, myrcene, methyl (E)- cinnamate, alpha-bergamotene and tridecan-2-one (Figure 2) were also present in most of the samples. Highest number of compounds i.e.,12 were present in sample from wild populations at 1990 m, 11 compounds were present at 1000 m (cultivated) and 1400 m (wild). The least number of compounds, i.e., seven was recorded at 2030 m altitude from cultivated populations and 1060 wild and some compounds like alpha-pinene, 2,3-octanedione, isophytol acetate were detected in lower percentage in only one locality/altitude (Table 2). Wild populations had comparatively higher number of components than cultivated populations.
The concentration of linalool was highest in all the samples, with an average value of 38.73% followed by undecan-2-one, 22.75% and limonene, 19.82% (Table 2). The major components linalool, limonene, and myrcene were present in higher proportion in the wild populations in most of the samples studied, whereas the components like tridecan-2-one and undecan-2-one were identified in lesser amount in wild samples than cultivated ones. The major component linalool shared the highest percentage at lower altitude; 64.48% in the wild population at 1060 m and 62.77% in the cultivated populations at 1000 m. The total number and percentage of components were comparatively higher in the samples from wild populations than in cultivated populations (Figure 1). Usually, there are marked phytochemical differences between different taxa than intraspecific variations of a particular taxon at different elevations.[[
PHOTO (COLOR): Figure 1. Composition of leaf essential oil of Zanthoxylum armatum at different altitudes and habitats.
Graph: Figure 2. Structures of the major components of leaf essential oil of Zanthoxhylum Armatum(A) Linalool (B) Limonene (C) Myrcene (D) Methyl (E) Cinnamate (E) Undecan −2-One (F) Alpha-Bergamotene G Tridecan −2-One.
Thirty-four compounds were identified from the leaf essential oil of Z. armatum and the major were beta-Linalool (53.05%), alpha-Limonene diepoxide (11.39%), alpha-pinene (4.08%), beta-Myrcene (3.69%) and D limonene (3.1%).[[
The leaf essential oil of Zanthoxylum alatum of Vietnam constituted major component as 1,8-cineole (41.0%) and others were sabinene (8.4%), b-terpineol (2.1%), linalool (4.5%), terpinen-4-ol (5.2%), a-terpineol (4.1%), b-cymene (1.3%), 2,6-dimethyl-1,3,5,7-octatetraene (1.5%) and 2-tridecanone (1.8%).[[
Eco-physiological relations in plants are greatly affected by different environmental factors by solar radiation, temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity, water availability, etc. Altitudinal variations can bring about significant changes in these factors, which in turn affect the secondary metabolites production in plants.[[
Soil chemistry may influence the yield and chemical components of essential oils in aromatic bearing plants.[[
In the present study, the soil organic carbon, total nitrogen content, and pH of the soil varied among different habitats at different altitudes. Percentage of soil organic carbon was higher in most of the samples from cultivated populations, whereas the total nitrogen content and pH values were slightly higher in most of the wild populations (Table 3). The highest total nitrogen (0.656%) was e present in the soil sample from wild population at 1400 m, with neutral soil (pH value 6.78) (Table 3). The essential oil yield from the leaves collected from this site was the lowest (0.16%). The lowest value of organic carbon (2.478%) was at present in soil from 1990 m (wild population), where total numbers and percentages of components present were higher. Hence, it can be said that the soil components also have a major role to play in the chemical profiling of the essential oil components.
Table 3. Soil parameters at different altitudes.
S. No. Altitude SOC (%) Total N (%) pH 1 1000 (C) 3.344 0.300 6.48 2 1060 (W) 4.493 0.353 7.5 3 1390 (C) 4.629 0.432 7.52 4 1400 (W) 2.688 0.656 6.78 5 1650 (C) 4.854 0.373 5.92 6 1680 (W) 2.891 0.221 5.65 7 1730 (C) 3.548 0.602 5.5 8 1770 (W) 4.197 0.326 6.08 9 1990 (W) 2.478 0.555 7.04 10 2030 (C) 5.028 0.394 6.19
Result of ANOVA too revealed that different altitudes and soil characters have a significant effect on the essential oil composition and the dry matter yield of Z. armatum. All the major components linalool, limonene, undecan-2-one, tridecan-2-one, myrcene, and alpha-bergamotene were highly significant at P >.01 (Table 4). The production of secondary metabolites in plants is directly related to the climatic factors and the quality and quantity of active components is influenced by environmental and genetic factors.
Table 4. ANOVA table for the effect and soil on the major components of Z. armatum essential oil.
S. N. Name of the compound Mean value 1 Linalool 621.9*** 2 Undecan-2-one 190.37*** 3 Limonene 97.86*** 4 Tridecan-2-one 24.41*** 5 Myrcene 4.38*** 6 Methyl (E)- cinnamate 5.41*** 7 Alpha-bergamotene 4.91***
5 *** P value < 0.01
The unlike distribution of chemicals may be attributed to the different environments of the habitats. The environmental factor favorable for one component might not be suitable for the dominance of another component.[[
The results of this study showed that variation in elevation, growing conditions, and edaphic factors significantly affect the production and distribution of different active phytochemicals in Zanthoxylum armatum collected from different populations. Among the 17 compounds identified, linalool, undecan-2-one, and limonene were the major constituents of the leaf essential oil, which were more prevalent. Besides, alpha-bergamotene, myrcene, methyl (E)-cinnamate and tridecan-2-one were also identified in almost all the samples. Other components were present in trace amounts. There were distinct variations in the chemical components of the essential oil from wild and cultivated populations. The oil yields as well as the total number and percentage components were also comparatively higher in wild populations than cultivated ones.
The first author is thankful to Dabur Nepal for the grant 'Dabur CSR Fellowship (Late Sri Ashok Chand Burman) 01/2016ʹ. We would like to thank Mr. Tara Datt Bhatt, Scientific Officer, Department of Plant Resources for his valuable help in GC-MS analysis. Special thanks to Mr. Mohan Mahato from CIMMYT, Nepal for his assistance in statistical analysis. Mr. Krishna Pun from District Plant Resources Office, Salyan is thankfully acknowledged for his tremendous help during field visit. We also thank Mr. Shamik Mishra, Mr. Kiran Kumar Pokharel and Mr. Prabodh Satyal for their various helps. Sincere thanks to Prof. Dr. Mohan Siwakoti, Head, Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University for his encouragement. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Graph: Myrcene
Graph: Limonene
Graph: Linalool
Graph: Undecan-2-one
Graph: Methyl (E) Cinnamate
Graph: Alpha- Bergamotene
Graph: Tridecan-2-one
By Nirmala Phuyal; Pramod Kumar Jha; Pankaj Prasad Raturi; Sumitra Gurung and Sangeeta Rajbhandary
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