Effect of Radiation on the Essential Nutrient Homeostasis and Signaling of Retinoids in a Non-human Primate Model with Minimal Bone Marrow Sparing

High-dose radiation exposure results in hematopoietic (H) and gastrointestinal (GI) acute radiation syndromes (ARS) followed by delayed effects of acute radiation exposure (DEARE), which include damage to lung, heart, and GI. Whereas DEARE includes inflammation and fibrosis in multiple tissues, the molecular mechanisms contributing to inflammation and to the development of fibrosis remain incompletely understood. Reports that radiation dysregulates retinoids and proteins within the retinoid pathway indicate that radiation disrupts essential nutrient homeostasis. An active metabolite of vitamin A, retinoic acid (RA), is a master regulator of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis roles in inflammatory signaling and the development of fibrosis. As facets of inflammation and fibrosis are regulated by RA, we surveyed radiation-induced changes in retinoids as well as proteins related to and targets of the retinoid pathway in the non-human primate after high dose radiation with minimal bone marrow sparing (12 Gy PBI/BM2.5). Retinoic acid was decreased in plasma as well as in lung, heart, and jejunum over time, indicating a global disruption of RA homeostasis after IR. A number of proteins associated with fibrosis and with RA were significantly altered after radiation. Together these data indicate that a local deficiency of endogenous RA presents a permissive environment for fibrotic transformation.