The effect of drying of Piper hispidinervium by different methods and its influence on the yield of essential oil and safrole

The Piper hispidinervium leaves and thin stems were dried under laboratory and field conditions. Laboratory drying was performed using a shade dryer operating with and without forced convection and an oven dryer operating at 30 and 40 °C. Field experiments were conducted using solar dryers with three different covers, i.e., transparent, black plastic, and palm straw covers. The essential oil extraction was performed by steam distillation, and the safrole content was analyzed by gas chromatography. Five mathematical models (Page, logarithmic, Henderson and Pabis, fractional, and diffusion) were fitted with the experimental data and compared based on the coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE) and χ2. Results suggest that the best model was the logarithmic model (R2 > 0.99, RMSE