The compositions of the essential oils of wild Daucus carota L. (Apiaceae) from the ripe fruits, unripe fruits, flowers, root, leaves, and stem, collected in Serbia, were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The oils from all samples contained α-pinene (7.05–51.23%) and sabinene (2.68–36.69%) as major constituents. The other dominant compound in ripe and unripe fruits essential oil was α-muurolene (8.23–10.97%). Antibacterial and antifungal properties of these oils, against eight bacterial and eight fungal strains, were tested by a microdilution technique. The most prominent biological activity was achieved by isolated essential oils of ripe and unripe fruits of D. carota.
Keywords: Antibacterial activity; antifungal activity; Daucus carota; essential oils; microdilution method
Daucus L. (Apiaceae) includes about 60 species (1972) growing in Europe, Africa, West Asia, and also a few of them in Australia and North America ([
D. carota has been reported to have chemical constituents belonging to polyacetylenes ([
The sesquiterpenes found in D. carota, such as carotol, β-caryophyllene, and caryophyllene oxide, exhibited fungicidal and herbicidal activity ([
Carrot seed oil is widely used as a flavoring agent in food products and perfumery since it blends very well in all kinds of perfumes. Moreover, the oils of some varieties were proved to have antibacterial ([
The emergence of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic and commensal bacteria has become a serious problem worldwide. The use and overuse of antibiotics in a number of settings are contributing to the development of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms ([
This study determined chemical composition and investigated the antimicrobial activity of essential oils isolated from the flowers, stem, leaves, root, unripe and ripe seeds of wild D. carota.
Plant material (ripe fruits, l; unripe fruits, 2; flowers, 3; root, 4; leaves, 5; stem, 6) of wild Daucus carota was collected during July-September in 2007, by Prof. Dr. Dragoljub Grubišić in Belgrade, Serbia. The material was dried at room temperature. A voucher specimen (No. MJADG07) has been deposited at the Institute for Biological Research Siniša Stanković.
Essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus for 3 h. The obtained essential oils were stored at +4°C until further analyses. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the essential oils were performed using GC and GC/MS. The GC analysis of the oils was carried out on a GC HP-5890 II apparatus, equipped with split-splitless injector, attached to a HP-5 column (25 m × 0.32 mm, 0.52 μm film thickness) and fitted to FID. Carrier gas was H
Identification of the individual essential oil components was accomplished by comparison of retention times with standard substances and by matching mass spectral data with MS libraries (NIST and Wiley 275.l) using a computer search and literature ([
For the bioassays, five Gram(
In order to investigate the antimicrobial activity of the isolated essential oils, the modified microdilution technique was used ([
Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) determination was performed by a serial dilution technique using 96-well microtiter plates. The investigated essential oils were added in broth TSB medium (bacteria)/broth malt medium (fungi) with inoculum. The microplates were incubated for 48 h at 37°C for bacteria, or 72 h at 28°C for fungi, respectively. The lowest concentrations without visible growth (at the binocular microscope) were defined as MICs.
The minimum bactericidal (MBCs) and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) were determined by serial subcultivation of a 2 μL into microtiter plates containing 100 μL of broth per well and further incubation for 48 h at 37°C or 72 h at 28°C, respectively. The lowest concentration with no visible growth was defined as MBC/MFC, indicating 99.5% killing of the original inoculum.
Streptomycin was used a reference antibiotic while bifonazole and ketoconazole were used as positive controls for antifungal activity (0.1–2 mg/mL).
The results of the chemical analysis of wild Daucus carota essential oils from different plant parts are presented in Table 1. A total of 48 compounds were identified in D. carota essential oil of ripe fruits, 60 in unripe fruits, 48 in flowers, 50 in root, 60 in leaves and 63 compounds were detected in stem essential oil. Ripe fruit essential oil was opulent in sabinene (27.16%), α-pinene (21.30%), α-muurolene (8.23%), β-caryophyllene (6.82%) and α-ylangene (5.21%). The most abundant constituent in unripe fruit essential oil was α-muurolene (10.97%) followed by sabinene (10.67), caryophyllene oxide (7.70%), α-amorphene (7.57%), α-pinene (7.05%), carotol (6.15%), dimenone (5.28%), and α-ylangene (4.88%). Essential oil from flowers was luxuriant in the content of bicyclic monoterpene α-pinene (51.23%), ensued by limonene (9.59%), sabinene (8.62%) and β-myrcene (7.18%). Sabinene (36.39%), α-pinene (24.56%), limonene (6.53%), and β-pinene (5.39%) were the main immanent molecules in the root essential oil. Leaf essential oil consisted most of α-pinene (30.83%), limonene (8.60%), trans-phytol (6.97%), β-myrcene (5.60%), and germacrene D (4.56%). Although most of the constituents were identified in the stem essential oil, they consisted of just 68.75% of the total oil contents, represented by α-pinene (18.53%), α-bisabolol (6.02%), and limonene (5.74%).
Table 1. Chemical composition of Daucus carota essential oils (EO).
Compound 1 2 3 4 5 6 KI* tricyclene – – 0.08 0.03 – – 921 α-thujene 0.28 0.08 0.28 0.25 0.12 0.08 924 α-pinene 21.30 7.05 51.23 24.56 30.83 18.53 932 camphene 1.23 0.42 2.19 1.37 1.29 0.77 946 sabinene 27.16 10.67 8.62 36.39 2.68 3.23 969 β-pinene 3.90 1.88 3.35 5.39 1.43 1.08 974 β-myrcene 2.12 0.53 7.18 3.04 5.60 3.40 988 α-phellandrene – – 0.08 – – – 1002 δ3-carene 0.16 – 0.99 – – – 1008 0.40 1.40 0.32 1.08 1.08 0.92 1020 limonene 1.79 2.91 9.59 6.53 8.60 5.74 1024 0.20 – 1.17 0.10 0.46 0.12 1032 – – 0.34 – 0.13 – 1044 γ-terpinene 0.43 – 1.83 0.05 0.17 – 1054 0.23 0.10 0.06 0.14 – – 1065 m-cymenene 0.15 – 0.50 – 0.15 0.19 1082 linalool 2.24 1.59 0.77 2.02 0.93 0.64 1095 1,3,8- – 0.34 – 0.04 – – 1108 dehyrosabina ketone 0.09 0.17 0.17 – 0.08 – 1117 0.24 0.38 0.13 0.32 – 0.12 1135 0.35 0.27 0.01 0.32 0.05 0.09 1137 borneol 0.15 0.18 0.04 0.16 – – 1165 terpinen-4-ol 1.45 2.45 3.48 1.22 2.17 1.29 1174 – 0.77 – 0.13 – 0.11 1179 α-terpineol 0.45 0.75 0.42 0.27 0.73 0.58 1186 myrtenal – 0.25 0.05 0.17 – 0.23 1195 verbenone – 0.09 0.04 0.06 – – 1204 – 0.09 – – – 0.11 1215 carvone 1.01 0.20 0.05 – – – 1239 bornyl acetate 1.00 0.99 0.18 0.70 0.08 0.22 1287 – 0.33 – 0.12 0.10 0.10 1298 1,1,3-trimethyl-1H-indene – – – – 0.10 0.34 n/a α-cubebene 0.08 – – – 0.13 0.13 1345 α-ylangene 5.21 4.88 1.03 2.09 0.18 – 1373 α-copaene 0.57 0.81 0.11 0.51 0.58 0.52 1374 daucene – – – – 0.39 – 1380 0.50 0.83 0.11 0.27 1.09 0.71 1383 β-elemene 0.14 0.17 – 0.08 0.12 0.35 1389 sesquithujene 0.19 0.30 0.03 0.12 0.14 – 1405 0.07 0.11 – 0.06 – – 1411 β-caryophyllene 6.82 1.99 1.13 2.04 1.81 0.82 1417 β-copaene 0.39 0.58 0.05 0.20 0.15 0.15 1430 0.21 0.27 – 0.11 – – 1440 α-humulene 0.21 0.34 0.47 0.19 1.54 0.83 1452 1.00 1.00 0.21 0.46 0.34 0.23 1454 γ-muurolene 0.47 0.82 0.16 0.24 0.43 0.25 1478 germacrene D 1.08 0.18 0.99 0.13 4.56 1.96 1480 α-amorphene 1.27 7.57 0.23 2.13 0.25 0.18 1483 valencene – – 0.97 0.51 0.91 0.59 1496 α-muurolene 8.23 10.97 – 2.96 0.45 0.24 1500 italicene epoxide – – 0.15 – 0.44 0.83 1514 δ-cadinene 0.51 0.41 0.03 – 0.91 0.58 1522 0.63 – 0.06 – 0.13 0.11 1529 eudesma-3,7(11)-diene 0.91 – – – – – 1532 α-calacorene 0.12 – – – – 0.09 1544 silphiperfol-5-en-3-ol A 0.16 0.41 – 0.06 0.15 0.26 1557 – – – – 0.14 0.16 1562 β-calacorene – – – – – 0.08 1564 spathulenol 0.30 1.12 – 0.30 0.63 0.79 1577 caryophyllene oxide 0.80 7.70 0.08 1.37 0.66 0.45 1582 viridiflorol – – 0.03 – 0.15 0.14 1592 carotol 1.70 6.15 – 0.72 0.86 1.87 1594 junenol – 0.15 – – – – 1618 α-colocalen – 1.16 – 0.14 – – 1622 1- – – 0.04 – 0.54 0.51 1627 α-cadinol – 1.08 0.08 – 1.06 1.27 1652 0.11 0.97 0.09 0.05 1.74 1.20 1660 – – – – – 1.29 1668 α-bisabolol – 0.90 – 0.14 2.51 6.02 1685 – 0.53 – – 0.38 0.49 1690 juniper camphor 1.90 1.81 0.42 0.07 0.25 0.10 1700 14-hidroxy-α-humulene – – – – 0.31 0.83 1713 cedroxide – 0.85 – – – – 1713 cryptomerione – 0.17 – – – 0.24 1724 xanthorrhyzol – 0.57 – – 0.17 0.11 1751 dimenone – 5.28 – – – – 1792 eudesm-11-en-4α,6α-diol – 0.46 – – 0.20 0.15 1808 neophytadiene (isomer II) – 1.27 – 0.10 0.97 0.48 1830 hexahydrofarnesyl acetone – 0.26 – – 0.14 0.17 1846 neophytadiene (isomer III) – 0.25 – – 0.12 0.12 1849 isophytol – – – – 0.25 0.12 1946 hexadecanoic (palmitic) acid – – – – 0.23 1.43 1959 13- – 0.25 – 0.15 – 0.32 2009 – – – – 6.97 3.73 2112 Total 99.10 96.47 96.47 99.65 89.79 68.75
4 *KI: Kovats index on DB-5 column; 1 ripe fruits EO 2 unripe fruits EO; 3 flowers EO; 4 root EO; 5 leaves EO; 6 stem.
Most of the D. carota oils from different regions belong to the sabinene chemotype. All investigated samples of the oils with the large amount of sabinene contained marked quantities of α-pinene ([
In this paper, we confirmed the presence of carotol (6.15%) in unripe fruits, 1.87% in stem, 1.70% in ripe fruits, 0.86% in leaves and 0.72% in root sample. We did not notice the presence of carotol in flowers. Daucene was detected only in leaves (0.39%), while the presence of daucol was not noticed in our samples. The previous investigation showed that the most abundant sesquiterpene constituents in carrot oil are caryrophyllene (4.6–13.2%) and carotol (1.2–6.1%) ([
The antibacterial effect of D. carota oils is presented in Table 2. The most prominent activity in the microdilution test was against Bacillus cereus (MIC of 5.0–50.0 μL/mL; MBC of 10.0–50.0 μL/mL) for all oils tested. In particular, ripe (MIC 5.0–25.0 μL/mL; MBC 10.0–25.0 μL/mL) and unripe fruits (MIC and MBC 10.0–25.0 μL/mL) essential oils exhibited the strongest antibacterial effect in correlation to the other isolated oils. Root essential oil showed inhibition at 5.0–150.0 μL/mL and bactericidal effect was achieved at 10.0–200.0 μL/mL. Essential oil from stem showed MIC at 25.0–250.0 μL/mL and MBC at 50.0–300.0 μL/mL. Leaf oil exhibited MIC and MBC at 25.0–350.0 μL/mL, while flower oil demonstrated the lowest antibacterial activity with MIC and MBC at 50.0–400.0 μL/mL. It is evident that the activity of oils decline in specific order: ripe fruits > unripe fruits > root > stem > leaves > flowers essential oils. All the essential oils were more effective than the commercial drug streptomycin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli.
Table 2. Antibacterial activity of Daucus carota essential oils, μL/mL (EO).
1 2 3 4 5 6 Streptomycin MIC# 25.0 25.0 350.0 150.0 350.0 200.0 50.0 MBC## 25.0 25.0 350.0 200.0 350.0 250.0 100.0 MIC 10.0 10.0 350.0 50.0 350.0 200.0 100.0 MBC 10.0 10.0 400.0 100.0 350.0 250.0 100.0 MIC 5.0 10.0 400.0 25.0 350.0 200.0 150.0 MBC 10.0 10.0 400.0 50.0 350.0 250.0 300.0 MIC 5.0 10.0 50.0 10.0 25.0 50.0 100.0 MBC 10.0 10.0 50.0 10.0 25.0 50.0 200.0 MIC 10.0 10.0 50.0 10.0 25.0 50.0 50.0 MBC 10.0 10.0 50.0 10.0 25.0 50.0 100.0 MIC 5.0 10.0 350.0 10.0 350.0 50.0 50.0 MBC 10.0 10.0 350.0 10.0 350.0 50.0 100.0 MIC 10.0 10.0 350.0 25.0 350.0 250.0 25.0 MBC 10.0 10.0 400.0 50.0 350.0 300.0 50.0 MIC 5.0 10.0 50.0 5.0 25.0 25.0 12.5 MBC 10.0 10.0 50.0 10.0 50.0 50.0 25.0
5
Fungi were more sensitive then bacteria to the effect of the essential oils. Essential oils from all parts of D. carota exhibited a fungistatic and fungicidal effect. The most sensitive species was Fulvia fulvum with MIC of 2.0–100.0 μL/mL and MFC of 5.0–100.0 μL/mL. Trichoderma viride (MIC of 25.0–100.0 μL/mL and MFC of 25.0–150.0 μL/mL) and Aspergillus ochraceus (MIC of 10.0–150.0 μL/mL and MFC of 25.0–150.0 μL/mL) were the most resistant species. As in the case of the antibacterial effect, the essential oil of unripe fruits manifested the strongest antifungal potential followed by the ripe fruit oil, root oil, stem oil, leaf oil and flower oil. Investigated essential oils were more efficient than the commercial drug bifonazole and much more active than ketoconazol (Table 3).
Table 3. Antifungal activity of Daucus carota essential oils, μl/ml (EO).
1 2 3 4 5 6 Bifonazole Ketoconazole MIC# 10.0 10.0 100.0 10.0 75.0 75.0 100 200 MFC## 25.0 25.0 150.0 25.0 75.0 100.0 200 500 MIC 2.0 2.0 75.0 10.0 75.0 50.0 100 200 MFC 5.0 5.0 100.0 25.0 75.0 50.0 200 500 MIC 25.0 25.0 100.0 25.0 100.0 100.0 200 2500 MFC 25.0 25.0 150.0 50.0 150.0 100.0 250 3000 MIC 10.0 10.0 100.0 75.0 100.0 100.0 150 1000 MFC 25.0 25.0 150.0 100.0 150.0 150.0 200 1000 MIC 5.0 5.0 100.0 25.0 75.0 150.0 200 200 MFC 10.0 5.0 150.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 250 500 MIC 10.0 50.0 100.0 50.0 150.0 100.0 150 1500 MFC 25.0 50.0 150.0 75.0 150.0 150.0 200 2000 MIC 5.0 25.0 100.0 25.0 150.0 100.0 150 1500 MFC 10.0 25.0 150.0 25.0 150.0 150.0 200 2000 MIC 5.0 5.0 75.0 10.0 75.0 75.0 150 200 MFC 10.0 10.0 100.0 25.0 100.0 75.0 200 500
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The oils of D. carota L. ssp. sativa, with a high percentage of neryl acetate (25.0%) showed a weak antibacterial effect as compared with the oil of D. carota L. ssp. carota ([
The results of our investigation indicated that oils from unripe and ripe fruit of wild Daucus carota were the most promising with a wide activity spectrum against all pathogens tested. This highly selective activity of essential oils investigated towards pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains provides an eminent evidence of their in vitro efficacy. As a conclusion, results revealed a good antimicrobial potential of the essential oils isolated from different part of wild carrot from Serbia.
The authors are grateful to the Ministry of Science of Serbia for financial support (Grants No. 143031 and 143041).
Declaration of interest: The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of the paper.
By Marina Soković; Dejan Stojković; Jasmina Glamočlija; Ana Ćirić; Mihailo Ristić and Dragoljub Grubišić
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